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對(duì)英語(yǔ)寫作的理解(英語(yǔ)寫作的重要性及如何提升)
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本文目錄:
英語(yǔ)寫作在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中的重要性
別急 會(huì)把英語(yǔ)寫作能力提高的談?wù)勅绾翁岣哂⒄Z(yǔ)寫作能力
關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)寫作能力 原則 方法
引言:英語(yǔ)寫作能力是英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)、說(shuō)、讀、寫四種基本能力之一,英語(yǔ)寫作能有效地促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言知識(shí)的內(nèi)化。Swain(1985)提出“可理解輸出”假設(shè),認(rèn)為包括寫在內(nèi)的語(yǔ)言產(chǎn)生性運(yùn)用有助于學(xué)習(xí)者檢驗(yàn)?zāi)康恼Z(yǔ)句法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞語(yǔ)的使用,促進(jìn)語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用的自動(dòng)化,有效地達(dá)到了語(yǔ)言習(xí)得的目的。通過(guò)寫作,英語(yǔ)知識(shí)不斷得到鞏固并內(nèi)在化,有利于英語(yǔ)技能的全面發(fā)展。但是,英語(yǔ)寫作又是廣大英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)者最感頭痛的問(wèn)題之一,且容易被教師忽視,筆者以為如何提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力值得我們認(rèn)真研究。本文就此談?wù)劤鯗\的看法。
一、提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力的原則
(一)漸進(jìn)性原則。要堅(jiān)持“句—段—篇”的訓(xùn)練程序,由易到難,循序漸進(jìn)。在英語(yǔ)寫作的初始階段,要始終注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生良好的寫作習(xí)慣,狠抓基本功訓(xùn)練。在學(xué)生掌握了基本句型并能寫出簡(jiǎn)單句子后,再要求學(xué)生根據(jù)一些體例寫出小段的文章。在段落寫作中要引導(dǎo)學(xué)生分析段落的結(jié)構(gòu)、段落的中心句、句與句之間的邏輯關(guān)系、寫作手法等,這樣有利于下一步一篇文章的寫作。在文章寫作中要教會(huì)學(xué)生如何構(gòu)思文章、如何運(yùn)用正確的寫作技巧等。
(二)多樣性原則。要堅(jiān)持訓(xùn)練形式的多樣化及寫作文體的多樣性。從形式上而言,可以用回答提問(wèn)的口頭作文,也可以用續(xù)寫故事;可以改寫課文,也可以仿寫課文;可以寫提綱訓(xùn)練謀篇布局,也可以寫拓展段訓(xùn)練發(fā)散思維……。從文體上而言,可以寫說(shuō)明文、議論文、記敘文,也可以寫書(shū)信、便條、通知等實(shí)用文體。
(三)結(jié)合性原則。要堅(jiān)持聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀訓(xùn)練和寫訓(xùn)練相結(jié)合。根據(jù)語(yǔ)言習(xí)得理論,學(xué)習(xí)者在學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)常先通過(guò)聽(tīng)和讀吸取語(yǔ)言知識(shí),從而了解別人的思想,再通過(guò)說(shuō)和寫來(lái)表達(dá)自己的思想,讓別人了解自己。大量的聽(tīng)說(shuō)訓(xùn)練能促進(jìn)讀寫能力的提高。因此,寫與聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀緊密結(jié)合,進(jìn)行多元化的能力訓(xùn)練,可使學(xué)生的各項(xiàng)能力互相影響、互相滲透、互相促進(jìn)。
(四)控制性原則。要堅(jiān)持寫作前的指導(dǎo),控制學(xué)生的漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維,發(fā)展英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維。語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)在很大程度上主要是模仿,而非隨心所欲地自由表達(dá)。教師要加強(qiáng)寫作前的指導(dǎo),可給出范文讓學(xué)生模仿,以熟悉其語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)。同時(shí)要控制其漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維,盡可能讓學(xué)生習(xí)慣英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維,以便于學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)和掌握地道、正確的英語(yǔ)。
(五)持久性原則。要堅(jiān)持長(zhǎng)期、正確的寫作訓(xùn)練。英語(yǔ)寫作能力的提高并非一朝一夕之事,而是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的、艱巨的、漸進(jìn)的過(guò)程。這就要求教師、學(xué)生都要有充分的思想準(zhǔn)備,要有堅(jiān)韌不拔的意志和必勝的信心。
二、提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力的方法。
(一)通過(guò)積累詞匯量,提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。猶如土木磚石是建筑的材料一樣,詞匯是說(shuō)話寫作的必需材料,也是制約寫作能力提高的瓶頸??梢韵胂?,如果要寫一個(gè)句子,10個(gè)單詞有8個(gè)單詞拼寫錯(cuò)誤或拼寫不出,有2
個(gè)單詞用法不當(dāng),又怎么能清楚地表達(dá)自己的思想呢?因此,在平時(shí)的教學(xué)中要強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生記憶單詞,記住單詞的拼讀、用法、意思等。記憶單詞的方法有很多,各人有各人的記憶方法和習(xí)慣,可因人而異。教師可通過(guò)要求學(xué)生朗讀單詞、聽(tīng)寫單詞、默寫單詞、遣詞造句、詞匯競(jìng)賽等多種方法促進(jìn)學(xué)生記單詞。記憶單詞是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的反復(fù)的過(guò)程,要長(zhǎng)期地堅(jiān)持下去,才能不斷積累大量的詞匯,為英語(yǔ)寫作打下堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。
(二)通過(guò)擴(kuò)大閱讀量,提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。古人云“熟讀唐詩(shī)三百首,不會(huì)作詩(shī)也會(huì)吟”,這是漢語(yǔ)的一種學(xué)習(xí)方法,同樣可借鑒于英語(yǔ)寫作。多閱讀是學(xué)生增加接觸英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言材料、接受信息、活躍思維、增長(zhǎng)智力的一種途徑,同時(shí)也是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生英語(yǔ)思維能力、提高理解力、增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)感、鞏固和擴(kuò)大詞匯量的一種好方法,有利于促進(jìn)英語(yǔ)寫作能力的提高。在閱讀訓(xùn)練中,教師要注意以下問(wèn)題:一是指導(dǎo)閱讀方法,分析文章結(jié)構(gòu)、中心思想、段落中心句、寫作方法等,幫助學(xué)生掌握各類文章的結(jié)構(gòu)及寫作方法。二要精讀與泛讀相結(jié)合,通過(guò)推敲優(yōu)秀的文章來(lái)學(xué)會(huì)寫作方法和選詞用詞;通過(guò)大量的泛讀來(lái)吸取信息量,擴(kuò)大詞匯量。三要擴(kuò)大閱讀量。提供閱讀的材料涉及面要廣,才能不斷擴(kuò)大學(xué)生的知識(shí)面,使學(xué)生適應(yīng)各種題材的寫作。
(三)通過(guò)提高聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力,提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。英語(yǔ)聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫四種能力是相互影響、相互促進(jìn)的,提高聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力必定會(huì)促進(jìn)寫作能力的提高。要提高聽(tīng)說(shuō)能力關(guān)鍵在于創(chuàng)設(shè)一個(gè)良好的英語(yǔ)環(huán)境。教師要盡可能地用英語(yǔ)授課,多開(kāi)展專門的聽(tīng)說(shuō)訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)開(kāi)展豐富多彩的課外英語(yǔ)活動(dòng),讓學(xué)生沉浸在英語(yǔ)海洋中去領(lǐng)略、去體會(huì)、去使用英語(yǔ),久而久之,學(xué)生自然能使用正確的、地道的英語(yǔ)進(jìn)行交談與寫作。
(四)通過(guò)重視寫作過(guò)程,提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。長(zhǎng)期以來(lái),英語(yǔ)寫作成果教學(xué)法(THE PRODUCT
APPROACH)在我國(guó)居于主導(dǎo)地位,教師根據(jù)寫作的終成品來(lái)判斷寫作的成敗,重視寫作的技術(shù)性細(xì)節(jié)(如格式、拼寫、語(yǔ)法等),忽視寫作過(guò)程的指導(dǎo)。根據(jù)D.Rumechart和J.McClelland提出的連通論(Connectionism)理論,寫作包括寫前階段、具體寫作、文章修改三個(gè)基本過(guò)程,這三個(gè)過(guò)程并非是線性排列,而是循環(huán)往復(fù),穿插進(jìn)行的。教師只有重視加強(qiáng)對(duì)寫作三個(gè)過(guò)程的指導(dǎo),才能更好地提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。在寫作前階段,教師重在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何挖掘題材,訓(xùn)練發(fā)散性思維,以及如何選擇材料、謀篇布局等。在具體寫作中,教師重在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何緊扣主題、運(yùn)用正確的寫作方法等。在文章修改中,教師重在指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何修改語(yǔ)法及用詞的錯(cuò)誤。
(五)通過(guò)多寫英語(yǔ)摘要,提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。英語(yǔ)摘要是把一篇文章的要點(diǎn)摘錄出來(lái),用自己的語(yǔ)言使之獨(dú)立成一篇短文,這不是簡(jiǎn)單的摘錄,而是忠于原文意思的再創(chuàng)作。寫英語(yǔ)摘要有利于學(xué)生了解原文的文化背景、理解原文的中心意思、弄清原文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu),從而提高學(xué)生的邏輯思維能力和謀篇布局能力。
(六)通過(guò)發(fā)展英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維能力,提高英語(yǔ)寫作能力。英語(yǔ)寫作是運(yùn)用已掌握的內(nèi)在化語(yǔ)言知識(shí)和表達(dá)方法,通過(guò)思維進(jìn)行外在化輸出的創(chuàng)作,因此英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維能力在英語(yǔ)寫作中作用非凡。對(duì)于我國(guó)學(xué)生而言,在英語(yǔ)寫作中易受漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維的影響,難以直接用英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行思維,不利于英語(yǔ)寫作能力的提高,因此發(fā)展其英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維能力尤為重要。教師要注意對(duì)學(xué)生的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維進(jìn)行多方位、多角度的訓(xùn)練:要采取各種方法訓(xùn)練學(xué)生英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言思維的廣闊性、深刻性、發(fā)散性和創(chuàng)造性;要教會(huì)學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)思考問(wèn)題、回答問(wèn)題;要從訓(xùn)練形象思維開(kāi)始,逐步過(guò)渡到抽象思維訓(xùn)練;在課文講解中要盡可能不用漢語(yǔ)翻譯而用英語(yǔ)解釋,消除漢語(yǔ)思維的影響;要努力創(chuàng)設(shè)良好的英語(yǔ)環(huán)境,在英語(yǔ)交際中發(fā)展英語(yǔ)思維能力。
寫好英語(yǔ)段落的三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
首先,一個(gè)段落必須有一個(gè)中心即主題思想,該中心由主題句特別是其中的題旨來(lái)表達(dá)。整個(gè)段落必須緊扣這個(gè)主題(stick or hold to the topic),這就是段落的統(tǒng)一性(unity)。其次,一個(gè)段落必須有若干推展句,使主題思想得到充分展開(kāi),從而給讀者一個(gè)完整的感覺(jué),這就是完整性(completeness or adequateness)。再者,一個(gè)段落不是雜亂無(wú)章的,而是有機(jī)的組合,句子的排列順序必須合乎邏輯,從一個(gè)句子到另一個(gè)句子的過(guò)渡必須流暢(smooth),這就是連貫性(coherence)。下面我們就對(duì)這三個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)分別加以說(shuō)明。
1、統(tǒng)一性
一個(gè)段落內(nèi)的各個(gè)句子必須從屬于一個(gè)中心,任何游離于中心思想之外的句子都是不可取的。請(qǐng)看下例:
Joe and I decided to take the long trip we'd always wanted across the country. We were like young kids buying our camper and stocking it with all the necessities of life. Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie. We started out in early spring from Minneapolis and headed west across the northern part of the country. We both enjoyed those people we met at the trailer park. Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner. To our surprise, we found that we liked the warm southern regions very much, and so we decided to stay here in New Mexico.
本段的主題句是段首句,controlling idea(中心思想)是take the long trip across the country.文中出現(xiàn)兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences,一個(gè)是Bella bakes the best rhubarb pie,這一段是講的是Joe and I ,中間出現(xiàn)一個(gè)Bella是不合適的。還有,Joe received a watch at his retirement dinner這一句更是與主題句不相關(guān)??忌谒募?jí)統(tǒng)考的作文卷上常常因?yàn)樵斐鰅rrelevant sentences(不相關(guān)語(yǔ)句)而丟分,值得引起注意。再看一個(gè)例子:
My name is Roseanna, and I like to keep physically fit. I used to weigh two hundred pounds, but I joined the YMCA for an exercise class and diet program. In one year I lost eighty pounds. I feel much better and never want to have that much weight on my five-feet frame again. I bought two new suitcases last week. Everyday I practice jogging three miles, swimming fifteen laps, lifting twenty-pound weights and playing tennis for one hour. My mother was a premature baby.
本段的controlling idea 是like to deep physically fit,但段中有兩個(gè)irrelevant sentences,一個(gè)是I bought two new suitcases last week,另一個(gè)是My mother was a premature baby.
從上面兩個(gè)例子可以看出,native speakers同樣會(huì)造出來(lái)irrelevant sentences.卷面上如果這種句子多了,造成偏題或離題,那問(wèn)題就更嚴(yán)重了。
2、完整性
正象我們前面說(shuō)得那樣,一個(gè)段落的主題思想靠推展句來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn),如果只有主題句而沒(méi)有推展句來(lái)進(jìn)一步交待和充實(shí),就不能構(gòu)成一個(gè)完整的段落。同樣,雖然有推展句,但主題思想沒(méi)有得到相對(duì)圓滿的交待,給讀者一種意猶未盡的感覺(jué)。這樣的段落也不能完成其交際功能。例如:
Physical work can be a useful form of therapy for a mind in turmoil. Work concentrates your thoughts on a concrete task. Besides, it is more useful to work —— you produce something rather than more anxiety or depression.
本段的主題句是段首句。本段的兩個(gè)推展句均不能回答主題句中提出的問(wèn)題。什么是“a mind in turmoil”(心境不平靜)Physical work又如何能改變這種情況?為什么它能起therapy的作用?讀者得不到明確的答案。由于四級(jí)統(tǒng)考的作文部分只要求寫一篇100~120個(gè)詞的三段式短文,每一段只有大約40個(gè)詞左右,因此,要達(dá)到完整就必須盡可能地簡(jiǎn)明。例如:
It is not always true that a good picture is worth a thousand words. Often writing is much clearer than a picture. It is sometimes difficult to figure out what a picture means, but a careful writer can almost always explain it.
段首句所表達(dá)的主題思想是一種看法,必須有具體事例加以驗(yàn)證。上述兩個(gè)推展句只是在文字上對(duì)主題作些解釋,整個(gè)段落內(nèi)容空洞,簡(jiǎn)而不明。如果用一兩個(gè)具體的例子的話,就可以把主題解釋清楚了。比如下段:
It is not always true that a picture is worth a thousand words. Sometimes, pictures are pretty useless things. If you can't swim and fall in the river and start gulping water, will you be better off to hold up a picture of yourself drowning, or start screaming “Help”?
3、連貫性(coherence)
連貫性包括意連和形連兩個(gè)方面,前者指的是內(nèi)在的邏輯性,后者指的是使用轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)。當(dāng)然這兩者常常是不可分割的。只有形連而沒(méi)有意連,句子之間就沒(méi)有內(nèi)在的有機(jī)的聯(lián)系;反之,只有意連而沒(méi)有形連,有時(shí)行文就不夠流暢。
1)、意連
段落中句子的排列應(yīng)遵循一定的次序,不能想到什么就寫什么。如果在下筆之前沒(méi)有構(gòu)思,邊寫邊想,寫寫停停,那就寫不出一氣呵成的好文章來(lái)。下面介紹幾種常見(jiàn)的排列方式。
A.按時(shí)間先后排列(chronological arrangement)
We had a number of close calls that day. When we rose, it was obviously late and we had to hurry so as not to miss breakfast; we knew the dining room staff was strict about closing at nine o'clock. Then, when we had been driving in the desert for nearly two hours —— it must have been close to noon —— the heat nearly hid us in; the radiator boiled over and we had to use most of our drinking water to cool it down. By the time we reached the mountain, it was our o'clock and we were exhausted. Here, judgement ran out of us and we started the tough climb to the summit, not realizing that darkness came suddenly in the desert. Sure enough, by six we were struggling and Andrew very nearly went down a steep cliff, dragging Mohammed and me along with him. By nine, when the wind howled across the flat ledge of the summit, we knew as we shivered together for warmth that it had not been our lucky day.
本段從“rose”(起床)寫起,然后是吃早餐(“not to miss breakfast”, “closing at nine o'clock”),然后是“close to noon”,一直寫到這一天結(jié)束(“By nine——”)。
B. 按位置遠(yuǎn)近排列(spatial arrangement)。例如:
From a distance, it looked like a skinny tube, but as we got closer, we could see it flesh out before our eyes. It was tubular, all right, but fatter than we could see from far away. Furthermore, we were also astonished to notice that the building was really in two parts: a pagoda sitting on top of a tubular one-story structure. Standing ten feet away, we could marvel at how much of the pagoda was made up of glass windows. Almost everything under the wonderful Chinese roof was made of glass, unlike the tube that it was sitting on, which only had four. Inside, the tube was gloomy, because of the lack of light. Then a steep, narrow staircase took us up inside the pagoda and the light changed dramatically. All those windows let in a flood of sunshine and we could see out for miles across the flat land.
本段的寫法是由遠(yuǎn)及近,從遠(yuǎn)處(“from a distance”)寫起,然后“get closer”,再到(“ten feet away”),最后是“inside the pagoda”……當(dāng)然,按位置遠(yuǎn)近來(lái)寫不等于都是由遠(yuǎn)及近。根據(jù)需要,也可以由近及遠(yuǎn),由表及里等等。
C. 按邏輯關(guān)系排列(logical arrangement)
a. 按重要性順序排列(arrangement in order of importance)
If you work as a soda jerker, you will, of course, not need much skill in expressing yourself to be effective. If you work on a machine, your ability to express yourself will be of little importance. But as soon as you move one step up from the bottom, your effectiveness depends on your ability to reach others through the spoken or the written word. And the further away your job is from manual work, the larger the organization of which you are an employee, the more important it will be that you know how to convey your thoughts in writing or speaking. In the very large business organization, whether it is the government, the large corporation, or the Army, this ability to express oneself is perhaps the most important of all the skills a man can possess.
這一段談的是表達(dá)能力,它的重要性與職業(yè),身份有關(guān),從“not need much skill”或“of little importance”到“more important”,最后是“most important”。
b.由一般到特殊排列(general-to-specific arrangement)
If a reader is lost, it is generally because the writer has not been careful enough to keep him on the path. This carelessness can take any number of forms. Perhaps a sentence is so excessively cluttered that the reader, hacking his way through the verbiage, simply doesn't know what it means. Perhaps a sentence has been so shoddily constructed that the reader could read it in any of several ways. Perhaps the writer has switched tenses, or has switched pronouns in mid-sentence, so the reader loses track of when the action took place or who is talking. Perhaps sentence B is not logical sequel to sentence A —— the writer, in whose head the connection is clear, has not bothered to provide the missing link. Perhaps the writer has used an important word incorrectly by not taking the trouble to look it up. He may think that “sanguine” and “sanguinary” mean the same thing, but the difference is a bloody big one. The reader can only infer what the writer is trying to imply.
這一段談的是a writer's carelessness,先給出一個(gè)general statement作為主題句,然后通過(guò)5個(gè) ”perhaps”加以例證。
c. 由特殊到一般排列(specific-to-general arrangement)
I do not understand why people confuse my Siamese cat, Prissy, with the one I had several years ago, Henry. The two cats are only alike in breed. Prissy, a quiet, feminine feline, loves me dearly but not possessively. She likes to keep her distance from people, exert her independence and is never so rude as to beg, lick, or sniff unceremoniously. Her usual posture is sitting upright, eyes closed, perfectly still. Prissy is a very proper cat. Henry, on the other hand, loved me dearly but possessively. He was my shadow from morning till night. He expected me to constantly entertain him. Henry never cared who saw him do anything, whether it was decorous or not, and he usually offended my friends in some way. The cat made himself quite comfortable, on the top of the television, across stranger's feet or laps, in beds, drawers, sacks, closets, or nooks. The difference between them is imperceptible to strangers.
本段的主題句是段首句,它僅提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題:為什么兩只貓會(huì)被搞混。然后對(duì)兩者進(jìn)行比較,末句才下結(jié)論。
2)、形連
行文的邏輯性常常要靠適當(dāng)?shù)霓D(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他手段來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。請(qǐng)讀下面這一段文字并找出文中用以承上啟下的詞語(yǔ):
Walter's goal in life was to become a successful surgeon. First, though, he had to get through high school, so he concentrated all his efforts on his studies —— in particular, biology, chemistry, and math. Because he worked constantly on these subjects, Walter became proficient in them; however, Walter forgot that he needed to master other subjects besides those he had chosen. As a result, during his junior year of high school, Walter failed both English and Latin. Consequently, he had to repeat these subjects and he was almost unable to graduate on schedule. Finally, on June 6, Walter achieved the first step toward realizing his goal.
本文中起承上啟下的詞語(yǔ)有兩種,一種是轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)(transitional words or phrases),另一種是起轉(zhuǎn)換作用的其他連接手段(linking devices)。前者依次有:first, though, so, in particular, and, because, however, besides, as a result, both…and, consequently, and, finally.后者依次是:he, he, his, his, he, these, them, he, those, his, he, these, his. 本段中共有詞匯105個(gè),所使用的轉(zhuǎn)換詞語(yǔ)及其他連接用語(yǔ)共26個(gè)詞,約占該段總詞匯量的四分之一。由此可見(jiàn),掌握好transitions不僅對(duì)行文的流(smoothness)有益,而且對(duì)于學(xué)生在半個(gè)小時(shí)內(nèi)寫足四級(jí)短文所要求的120個(gè)詞也是不無(wú)好處的。
一個(gè)段落里如果沒(méi)有transitions也就很難有coherence了。我們看下面一個(gè)例子:Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds. Writing uses written symbols. Speech developed about 500 000 years ago. Written language is a recent development. It was invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal. The word choice of writing is often relatively formal. Pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from. Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing. A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and rise and fall of the voice. Writing lacks gesture, loudness and the rise and fall of the voice. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
本段中除了第6句開(kāi)頭出現(xiàn)一個(gè)起過(guò)渡作用的”it”之外,沒(méi)有使用其他的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)。這樣,文中出現(xiàn)許多重復(fù)的詞語(yǔ),全段讀起來(lái)也顯得生硬而不自然。如果加上必要的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)來(lái)修飾的話,這一段就成了下面一個(gè)流暢連貫的段落:
Speaking and writing are different in many ways. Speech depends on sounds; writing, on the other hand, uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500 000 years ago, but written language is a recent development, invented only about six thousand years ago. Speech is usually informal, while the word choice of writing, by contrast, is often relatively formal. Although pronunciation and accent often tell where the speaker is from, they are ignored in wiring because a standard diction and spelling system prevails in most countries. Speech relies on gesture, loudness, and the rise and fall of the voice, but writing lacks these features. Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
4、有損連貫性的幾種情況:
考生在寫作中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)下面幾種錯(cuò)誤:
1、不必要的改變時(shí)態(tài),比如:
In the movie, Robert Redford was a spy. He goes to his office where he found everybody dead. Other spies wanted to kill him, so he takes refuge with Julie Christie. At her house, he had waited for the heat to die down, but they come after him anyway.
2、不必要的改變單復(fù)數(shù),比如:
Everybody looks for satisfaction in his life. They want to be happy. But if he seeks only pleasure in the short run, the person will soon run out of pleasure and life will catch up to him. They need to pursue the deeper pleasure of satisfaction in work and in relationships.
3、不必要的改變?nèi)朔Q,比如:
Now more than ever, parents need to be in touch with their children's activities because modern life has the tendency to cause cleavages in the family. You need to arrange family like it so that family members will do things together and know one another. You need to give up isolated pleasures of your own and realize that parents have a set of obligations to sponsor togetherness and therefore sponsor knowledge.
因此寫作中,一定要注意時(shí)態(tài),人稱以及數(shù)的變化是否正確,要注意保持一致。
英語(yǔ)寫作在英語(yǔ)當(dāng)中的重要性
英語(yǔ)寫作在英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)和使用中,非常重要。它屬于聽(tīng)說(shuō)讀寫四項(xiàng)基本技能之一,英語(yǔ)寫作能提高英語(yǔ)使用的準(zhǔn)確性,擴(kuò)大詞匯量,同時(shí)還能夠增強(qiáng)學(xué)習(xí)者的邏輯思考及問(wèn)題分析能力。
英語(yǔ)寫作是一項(xiàng)綜合技能,掌握寫作的方法,對(duì)閱讀和理解英文段落會(huì)有促進(jìn)作用。從應(yīng)試角度來(lái)說(shuō),寫作這一題型在整個(gè)試卷中的分?jǐn)?shù)占比達(dá)到五分之一,直接影響考生的最終成績(jī)。
提升英語(yǔ)寫作能力的方法:
第一種、列提綱。
對(duì)于初學(xué)者,列提綱是最有效的途徑。這跟我們?cè)趯懼形奈恼轮?,?nèi)心里列草稿是一個(gè)套路。落筆之前,在心里或紙上列出文章的主旨以及分段的寫作意圖,可以使寫作者心中有數(shù),不至于寫著寫著偏離題目。
第二種、措辭。
英語(yǔ)畢竟是一門語(yǔ)言,在寫作過(guò)程中雖然不要求達(dá)到中文一樣美感,但用詞用句也要考究。日常生活中,寫作者要注意積累一些好詞好句。準(zhǔn)確用詞、選用高級(jí)詞匯,可以讓文章讀起來(lái)邏輯通順且充滿感情色彩,一篇有文采的文章總是擁有更多讀者。
第三種、豐富句子。
寫作最忌諱平鋪直敘,一篇好文章一定要多頻次嘗試不同的句式。陳述句、祈使句、疑問(wèn)句都要穿插進(jìn)行,這樣的文章讀起來(lái)才生動(dòng)不枯燥。當(dāng)然,這個(gè)部分需要對(duì)寫作者的詞匯、語(yǔ)句掌握范圍要求比較廣。
英語(yǔ)寫作的重要性及意義
1、英語(yǔ)寫作能幫助我們提高使用英語(yǔ)的準(zhǔn)確性。只要寫一個(gè)句子,更不用說(shuō)一段,一篇,就要力求句法,用詞,拼寫,標(biāo)點(diǎn)等完全正確,而且與前后句緊密連貫。寫得越多,語(yǔ)言就會(huì)越準(zhǔn)確。
2、練習(xí)英文寫作能擴(kuò)大詞匯量口語(yǔ)所使用的語(yǔ)言一般是比較簡(jiǎn)單和常用的。而在用英文寫作時(shí),所使用的語(yǔ)言則是多種多樣的。從極簡(jiǎn)單到較復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言都要使用,這對(duì)英語(yǔ)詞匯量的擴(kuò)大有很大幫助。
3、寫作訓(xùn)練能幫助我們提高邏輯思考及分析問(wèn)題的能力寫一篇作文,不論長(zhǎng)短,都需要妥善地組織材料,得出結(jié)論,做到重點(diǎn)突出,條理清楚。這樣,在鍛煉寫作能力的同時(shí),也鍛煉了分析與處理問(wèn)題的能力。
4、英文寫作對(duì)閱讀,聽(tīng)力,口語(yǔ),翻譯等各方面都有促進(jìn)作用自己知道寫作的甘苦,對(duì)別人的寫作技巧就會(huì)樂(lè)于學(xué)習(xí)。
英語(yǔ)寫作的定義
英語(yǔ)寫作的定義是指用英語(yǔ)針對(duì)某一內(nèi)容寫出一篇文章,是英語(yǔ)考試最常見(jiàn)的一種題目類型,英語(yǔ)作文要求閱讀、寫作能力比較高,也是考生最容易失分的題型。
英語(yǔ)考試作文試題的一個(gè)最大的特點(diǎn)就是時(shí)限性,即在有限的時(shí)間內(nèi)(一般分配30分鐘)按試題要求完成作文試題。有很多參試者最后交卷時(shí)作文題要么沒(méi)有完成要么質(zhì)量比較差,這其中當(dāng)然有很多原因,但不可忽視的一點(diǎn)原因便是寫作文時(shí)間不夠來(lái)不及完成作文或來(lái)不及仔細(xì)思考寫一篇合乎題目要求的文章。
寫作的注意事項(xiàng)
1、審題立意
定文章之靈魂對(duì)命題作文必須認(rèn)真審題,對(duì)自由作文必須立好意。文章要有明確的主題,必須具備4個(gè)條件:準(zhǔn)確、鮮明、深刻、集中。
2、草擬提綱
打造文章之骨架審好題,立好意后,就要寫提綱,打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好3件事:安排好層次段落,鋪設(shè)好過(guò)渡,處理好開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾。如命題作文中有提示句,還要從提示句的關(guān)鍵詞出發(fā),圍繞關(guān)鍵詞開(kāi)拓思路,發(fā)揮聯(lián)想,記錄下聯(lián)想到的東西,可以是句子或單詞詞組,可以是英語(yǔ)或漢語(yǔ)。
3、段落主題
理文章之脈絡(luò)一篇短文的段落一般分為引導(dǎo)段、主題段和結(jié)尾段。每段的主題句非常重要,是作者思維的起點(diǎn),切題的準(zhǔn)繩,闡述的對(duì)象。看到段落主題句,讀者大致了解段落要闡述的內(nèi)容。段落主題句通常是一個(gè)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)完整、內(nèi)容概括、用詞簡(jiǎn)潔明了的單句。通常將段落主題句置于段落的開(kāi)頭,可使文章結(jié)構(gòu)更清晰,有說(shuō)服力。
以上就是關(guān)于對(duì)英語(yǔ)寫作的理解相關(guān)問(wèn)題的回答。希望能幫到你,如有更多相關(guān)問(wèn)題,您也可以聯(lián)系我們的客服進(jìn)行咨詢,客服也會(huì)為您講解更多精彩的知識(shí)和內(nèi)容。
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